01 · Lift-off
Climb out of Earth’s gravity
Load the fuel, plan the gravity turn and ignite. Fight your own weight and the drag of the air, shed spent stages, and reach a parking orbit above 150 km. Most of your fuel goes here.
Learn: Thrust against weight, The rocket equation, Staging, Gravity and drag losses
02 · Parking orbit
Fall sideways around the world
An orbit is a fall that keeps missing the ground. Coast, wait for the launch window, then fire about 3.6 km/s to leave Earth for good.
Learn: Orbit is falling sideways, Escape velocity, Launch windows
03 · Transfer
Ride the Hohmann ellipse
Half an orbit around the Sun, about 259 days long. Trim it with a mid-course correction, or borrow a push from a Moon flyby.
Learn: Kepler's ellipses, The Hohmann transfer, The Moon flyby, The mid-course correction
04 · Arrival
Get caught, then land
Burn 727 m/s to be captured by Mars, or skim its thin air and aerobrake for free. Then bring it down softly.
Learn: Capture burn or aerobraking, Landing on Mars